Africa

Music Teacher

By admin on Nov 24, 2015 in Africa , Ghana , Nigeria , US - 0 Comments

A day on the job for a Learn Afro Music BeatsMusic Teacher involves meeting with several pupils to play music, refine their technique, and teach everything from fundamentals like scales and chords to more advanced music theory. Music Teachers at Elementary, Middle, and High School often also teach Choir, Orchestra or Band, as well. Private Music Teacherscan either work out of a rented studio at a music school or out of their own homes. Depending on the client and the hourly rate charged, some teachers will also travel to students’ homes.

School Music Teachers usually work off of a lesson plan and curriculum, whereasPrivate Music Teachers must adapt their lessons to individual student’s interests and area that need improvement. Piano Teacher Margie Balter says that the most important part of her work is “helping them get fired up to learn stuff” and that the skills taught in her lessons are essential “for life as well as music.”

Advancement

As their experience and reputation grows, a Music Teacher who gives private lessons can start charging more. He or she can also open their own music school. For Music Teachers in the K-12 system, advancement usually means accepting a position as a Department Head.

Education & Training

Most employers require Music Teachers to hold at least a BA in Music or Music Education. They must be proficient in at least one instrument, with a solid foundation in Music Theory.

Experience & Skills

A Music Teacher must have proficiency in at least one musical instrument, be able to read music, and have some experience teaching. The level of experience necessary will vary according to the position, but teaching a sibling or friend definitely counts as teaching experience. A performance background is also helpful for Music Teachers. The number one skill a Music Teacher needs is the ability to make learning fun. Balter says her main priority is giving students “a bigger picture of music is about. It’s more than melody.” She adds, “It can get really dry and stiff” if the Teacher is solely focused on the student learning notes and time signatures, so using intuition, kindness, and humor to engage the student are also important skills to have.

Personality

Above all, Music Teachers must be enthusiastic and understanding. “If they don’t get it, it’s on me,” says Balter. Music Teachers must “take full responsibility, be willing to help, and try new tactics.” She adds, “Patience and enthusiasm equal progress.” A love of learning is also essential for Music Teachers, as is a desire to help others grow. A sense of humor is also important, which goes back to Balter’s point about new tactics. “I use a lot of comedy, because people respond to it,” she says. “I say and do outlandish things to make a point.”

Lifestyle

First of all, for a Music Teacher, there are “no normal days.” According to Balter, a Music Teacher must be an entrepreneur, an educator AND a Teacher who can “turn on a dime.” Flexibility is important, as students sometimes need to cancel or change their lesson times. The workload is up to the individual Music Teacher, who can take on as many students as he or she likes. For a K-12 Music Teacher, of course, there are defined school hours, time for after-school programs, and a few months off every year for summer vacation. In general, most Music Teachers work with other Educators, School Principals or store owners, and the students themselves (plus, if the pupils are children, their parents).

Employment

Teaching jobs in K-12 schools are often competitive, with many teachers gaining tenure and staying in their positions for years. Student teaching and college job placement services can lead to that first full-time teaching job. For Private Teachers, the outlook is somewhat better. Music Teachers who specialize in private lessons can charge their own fees and can accept as many pupils as they see fit. The main way of growing business as a Private Instructor is through word of mouth.

Earnings

Music Teachers in the K-12 system are usually salaried employees. Teachers who give individual lessons are paid by the students themselves, often receiving payment for a month at a time. Lesson times are generally 30 minutes to an hour, with the average hourly wage for Private Teachers around $50/hour.

Unions, Groups, Social Media, and Associations

K-12 teachers may be part of a union. There are also many professional groups to which they might belong, such as the National Association for Music Education. Private Music Teachers can also belong to organizations such as the Music Teachers National Association, which also provides certification for qualified professionals. Each state has several such local organizations, ranging from general music education to, for example, teachers of bluegrass music.

Getting Started

Margie Balter advises that aspiring Music Teachers find a place to post an ad near your home, noting that students further than forty minutes away from where you live probably just aren’t going to work out. She says, “find one student, do an amazing job with them, and they’ll do the rest for you” via word-of-mouth. Advertising can also help you land new pupils. Basically, just get the word out there that you’re a great Music Teacher, students like you and successfully learn from you, and that you’re available to take on more students!

Gem Questions
What is the single biggest suggestion you would give to someone wanting to get into this career?

“Remember, time is everyone’s most precious thing. You’re giving your time, so do it to the fullest. And they’re giving their time. Don’t spend any time complaining or not loving it.”

What’s the #1 mistake people make when trying to get into this career?

“Trying to use a specific method with every kid doesn’t work. Neither does trying to be on an agenda about the next step.” Another big mistake is “not being positive.” So how do you turn that around? Say things like “‘Here’s what to do’ versus ‘don’t do that.’ If they’re not practicing, help them understand why they should and work on something that doesn’t need it [practice]. Make a wild deal, joke, love them into it. Positivity is the key. Patience. Enthusiasm. Loving them into learning.” Oh, and “teach people you really like.”

What is the question people should ask about this career but rarely do?

According to Balter, people should ask about a teacher’s performance skills or history. “Most people who are teachers didn’t start out as teachers, but as performers,” she says.

What is one thing I should have asked which I didn’t?

“What are you wearing?” she jokes.

If you could describe in one word what makes you successful, what would it be?

“Enthusiasm,” she says, adding, “Positivity, loving people, being willing to work my buns off, flexibility.”

Extra Credit: The Beatles or Rolling Stones?

The Beatles!

Become A Music Producer

By admin on Nov 24, 2015 in Africa , Nigeria , US - 0 Comments

Music Producers write, arrange, produce, and record songs, whether they’re shaping the sound of another Artist’s album or creating bAfro Hip Hop Music Beats For Saleeats or songs for their own projects. With the growth of home recording technology and boutique recording studios, many Producers find themselves pulling double or triple duty as Studio Owners and Sound Engineers, as does the Rattle Room’s Jaron Luksa. He says, “I am responsible for every aspect of my business and it’s definitely not all rock ‘n’ roll glory. A typical day for me starts with checking my Producer notes, prepping the studio and checking gear functionality. If something is broken, I’d rather have a fix or workaround figured out before anyone is in the space. Once the client shows up, I want my attention 100% on the Artist and the music creation process. Nothing else comes first. I usually work for about 10-12 hours with lots of ear and mental breaks worked in throughout the day. While on a break, I am usually attending to phone calls, emails, texts, social media and even accounting. There is a lot of work that goes into being a Producer outside of the studio such as attending rehearsals, meetings, writing sessions, and going out to shows. Social media has given me the ability to connect with more Artists then ever, but in-person interaction will never be replaced. Half of producing is the music, the rest is sales…and I am the product I push.”

Music Producers work with Recording Artists, Recording Engineers, Session Singersand Session Musicians, among others.

Advancement

Production is an extremely competitive field, and advancement comes as a Producer builds and diversifies his or her skill set or works with more prestigious Artists. Luksa puts it this way. “Lots of little kids dream of being star athletes, but they’re more likely to win the lottery. The music industry has a similar statistical likelihood for Artists and all us production folks trying to reach the top. I think Producers need to be realistic about the current and evolving state of the music industry. The game has changed and you have to be more than just a Producer nowadays. So many of my peers not only produce, but play on records, write, engineer, DJ, program tracks or function as Artists themselves to pay the bills. You have to ask yourself the question, “what kind of records do I want to produce?” because you need to be in love with the work. There is no guaranteed financial success. Competition is crazier then ever and the current demand for free content doesn’t help. You need to pick this line of work because you refuse to do anything else.  It’s a hustle, and you are constantly looking for the next gig, even while working on a current project.“

Education & Training

“Yes, formal music education is a must (know the rules before you break ’em),” Luksa says. “This industry runs at lightning speed as far as technology goes, so learn the basics from trade schools, or music schools with recording arts/music engineering and production programs.  As you learn to use new gear or software, you can use that formal education as a platform to grow on. Next, apprentice with someone who is respected in the part of the industry you want to work in. You need to follow production trends and methods. Which, btw pretty much involves eating cereal and watching a stupid amount of YouTube videos on “how to” in pajamas.”

Experience & Skills

When it comes to necessary experience and skills, Luksa says, “there is no right path or specific skill set that will make you a great Producer. Some folks will get into producing by way of helping a friend record while playing/writing on said record, others will just be crushing tracks out of their bedroom and word gets around, while others might come to produce because they are engineering and start helping bands get through the tracking process. There is no one single magic solution to launching your career as a Producer. Play off your strengths and fake the rest!”

The two things that are essential are passion and a diverse skill set. He says, “As a Producer, I contribute with engineering, playing, writing, arranging and creative guru skills. I approach listening to songs, bands and Artists from a fan’s perspective. I aurally digest music CONSTANTLY. If a great track comes on, I get a rush of dopamine from my brain. I truly am a music junkie. That being said, I think it comes down to my tastes and how I am able to listen to music like a multi track machine, focusing in on each element at will. I can objectively give feedback to the Artist, regardless of what I would do or my musical influences. I try and produce according to that project’s genre and most importantly who the Artist is artistically and how I think fans might react.

Personality

So what kind of person would be successful as a Producer? Luksa says the ideal candidate is “organized, assertive, artistic and a great communicator. Someone who can lead the pack and rule with love, even when getting evil with some Norwegian death metal band. In the studio or rehearsals, Artists look to you for answers, so you need to be thick skinned and even-keeled. Artists bring enough drama, insecurity and emotion into the sessions, no need to add your baggage, so keep your BS and ego at home.“

Lifestyle

Working as a Producer can be time-consuming, with late hours, long days in the studio, and a constant scramble to get paid work—at least when getting started. Luksa advises, “When you first start, take any gig you can at the drop of a hat. Date with the significant other planned? Guess what, canceled. Going snowboarding with friends…nope taking the call. It will suck at first, but the real people who support your dream will understand and love you regardless. Let other Producers [be the ones] being flakes or screwing up, [this can] be a good opportunity to prove yourself. If you become dependable, clients will start calling you first. Half the battle is just being the individual to get the job done in a timely manner. After a few years, you can start booking yourself some normal hours. I try to work from 10am – 10pm and take the weekends off, but it doesn’t always work out that way. The associated stress isn’t for the faint of heart, but it does have great perks. Working in the music industry immerses you in an environment of art and culture, allows traveling or vacationing whenever and however much you want. I always have backstage access and attend lots of fun events by invite. Ultimately this environment will change and shape your future, and if you are any good, you will affect the musical environment around you.”

 Employment

So how does an aspiring Producer land that first gig? Obviously it isn’t as straightforward as submitting an application or a resume. It’s about taking advantage of networking and learning opportunities. Luksa says, “A few years back while I was still in school, Butch Vig was quietly standing backstage at Avalon in Boston (he had performed with Garbage). I was working production but snuck over and kindly asked this same question you posed here. Butch told me that he and some friends got a place and gear to track some punk bands and make records. The rule was that bands supplied beer as payment. It worked because a lot of bands showed up.”

Luksa started gaining experience early on. He says, “I attended Berklee’s Music Production and Engineering program, interned with a bunch of Live Sound Engineersand was offered a job mixing monitors for a Live Nation venue in Boston (Axis). I think [for] my 10th show, I ended up mixing monitors for a Bon Jovi acoustic show/live radio broadcast. . . .My interaction with the band and Jon was professional and I didn’t screw up. After the show I realized, ‘I know what I am doing…I can hang!’ For the next 6 years, I was mixing live and interacting with all these bands on a nightly basis.  After the shows I mixed, I would approach the best local bands opening for the national headliners and ask them to take me into the studio to make records (I told you… it’s a hustle and I figured out my angle). I became part of a scene and networked my ass off to find clients who would pay me to go into the studio with them. I guess that’s how I broke in…? That was a good 12 years ago….Fast forward, I have toured around the world as a Live Sound Engineer and Tour Manager for some amazing Artists and built a studio, The Rattle Room, where I produce and engineer all kinds of music. Oh, and I still cruise on a tour bus and do the Rock Star thing once in a while.”

 Earnings

Luksa says, “I’d say starting salary is hard to nail down….In bigger cities and music industry hotspots, the money is a little better for a per track rate…but the more you work and the more “at bats” you get, the more likely you are to have a record “make it” and end up with more business. When looking at ways you can earn money as a Producer, take my advice and get paid up front! Create a simple “Producer’s Agreement” with a Lawyer that you can edit and use over and over. (It’ll be the best $500 you ever spent.) Don’t waste time with points and backend troubles, you won’t see that cash anyway. If you help write songs or hooks, figure out your writers and/or publishing split for that song and confirm it via email with other Writers until a formal split sheet is created and signed. That is the backend you should be concerned with.”

Unions, Groups, Social Media, and Associations

Producers aren’t unionized, but networking and community are vital for success. Luksa advices fledgling Producers to “register with a PRO [Publishing Rights Organization] so you are prepared for writing and publishing royalty collection. Go out to shows and become part of your local scene, make friends and create contacts with Session Musicians, other Engineers and Producers.  Keep that part grassroots.”

Online, he says, “there are so many resources out there, it just depends on the music and scene you want to be a part of. Stick to where your clients might hang their interactive selves or follow other Record Producers or Engineers you respect. Always follow trends within your project’s marketing demographic via Billboard or other reporting. You don’t have to buy those records, but give them a listen. I really digSound On Sound, Tape Op, Mix Magazine, and Gear Slutz forums (especially when I have software or hardware questions).”

Getting Started
  • “Find an Artist and start, even if you have to do it for free. Trial by fire is the best way to get your hands dirty. You will learn more from your mistakes than your successes. This applies to not only creating the music, but the business aspect as well.”
Gem Questions
What is the single biggest suggestion you would give to someone wanting to get into this career?

“Be yourself and go with your gut. This is art. It should be fun, inspiring and just fly by the seat of your pants crazy. Go make real music!!! If it catches on like Amy Winehouse, Black Keys, Jack White, Adele, Liam Bailey, etc., then you actually served a purpose in producing real art and we need more of that. Back in the day, we had music industry gurus that decided what was good music and what people should listen to on the radio. Unfortunately those folks have all left this earth or stopped making records. Even worse, they have been replaced by marketing and accounting personnel.”

What’s the #1 mistake people make when trying to get into this career?

“We don’t need more Producers making tracks for pop bands. The sounds have become so uniform, I can’t even hear a voice or any resemblance of artistry on the track. . . to be honest, I can’t even distinguish who it is sometimes. If your plan is to make “hits,” realize that you are making the Coca Cola of music. It has to appeal to the largest audience possible and ends up pretty bland. That’s not to say that there isn’t good pop music, but the pop market is so oversaturated. No one buys that music anyhow and the record companies have had to shift how they make money. The big record companies serve the purpose of content creation for commercial applications, selling movies, soda, cars, and other products. It’s just not my bag because I care about the music more than the money. I’m not trying to put down the folks who do this work, I just want to inspire more people to produce out of love, not for the bling.”

What is the question people should ask about this career but rarely do?

“’What is the biggest personal reward in producing?’ Seeing or hearing your name mentioned in association with a record you believed in and loved makes it all worthwhile. Everyone who works a “normal” job and receives a paycheck every week also craves recognition for a job well done. We are human and full of emotional needs, regardless of the situation.”

 What is one thing I should have asked which I didn’t?

“Who is my favorite Producer or who do I look up to? Rick Rubin. The dude is a big weirdo, but he launched a hip-hop scene, produced true gems like Tom Petty’sWildflowers, created a record label that supported huge acts like Slayer and System Of A Down, revived careers of bands like The Red Hot Chilli Peppers, Johnny Cash, Black Sabbath and Metallica. I feel he is one of the last Producer/label/A&R people that can create with a sense of artistic integrity and still achieve commercial success.”

If you could describe in one word what makes you successful, what would it be?

“Determination.”

Nigerian Hip Hop Music History

By admin on Nov 24, 2015 in Africa , Nigeria - 0 Comments

The idea that the voice of modern Nigeria would be a music genre almost inextricably associated in the popular African Hip Hop Beats For Saleimagination with the mean streets of urban America may appear, understandably, somewhat absurd. But at the time of writing—halfway through the second decade of the 21st century—the most popular, most ubiquitous, and most commercially successful sound the country has witnessed in fifty years or more… is hip-hop. But this state of affairs did not come to be overnight; hip-hop has travelled a long road to mainstream acceptance and proliferation, a journey that spans four decades of growing pains.

Rap music and its attendant hip-hop culture had been developing in various black and Latino neighbourhoods in New York City since the early nineteen seventies but Nigeria (like most of the world outside of the Big Apple) only got its first taste of the new sensation in 1979, with “Rapper’s Delight.” The Sugar Hill Gang’s disco-driven dance anthem has since been recognized as the first major hip-hop record, the launching point of a genre that would come to mark a new epoch in popular music. At the time, though, it was mostly viewed as an ephemeral trend that for was fun and catchy enough to inspire knock-offs, take-offs and reply records from around the globe. Nigeria was not left out of the dialogue, getting its own answer to the rap craze in 1981 with “The Way I Feel Rap,” recorded by popular Lagos disc jockey Ronnie Ekundayo.

Over the next ten years, several more Nigerian artists would follow Ronnie’s lead in experimenting tentatively with the occasional novelty hip-hop track. The very act of “rapping” retained its strict identification with funk and disco rhythms and black American expressive style; as a result, Nigerian attempts at hip-hop tended to adhere to the accents and inflections of their US inspirations. But unlike the Americans MCs, who regaled in cleverly rhymed lyrics, witty wordplay, picturesque storytelling and vivid messages, Nigeria’s rap wannabes were not particularly concerned with communicating with the audience—they rapped for sound rather than content. Their verses were usually barely decipherable, composed of gibberish words and sounds that often didn’t even rhyme; so long as they approximated the gruff tone and staccato triplet cadence of the “old school” New York rap style, they were adjudged to be relatively successful.

All of this started to change as Nigerian rap entered its second decade. 1991 saw the introduction of a generation of Nigerian hip-hop artists who brought a new sense of localization to the style. “Which One You Dey?” by the trio Emphasis, “Monika” from the duo Junior & Pretty and the four-man Pretty Busy Boys’ “Big Belle” all eschewed the established practice of mimicking American accents, rhyming instead in the common West African patois of pidgin English, weaving humourous narratives about love and life from a contemporary Nigerian perspective with a relaxed, easy-to-understand lyrical flow. They also moved away from the reliance on recycled American funk rhythms, fitting their verses to musical accompaniment informed by afrobeat and highlife. (Junior & Pretty in particular underlined their redefinition of hip-hop away from the intrinsically American standard by frequently dressing in Hausa daishikis and Igbo chieftaincy tunics and compared their style of hip-hop to the staple foodstuff of Nigeria, dubbing it “Fufu Flavour.”)

Neither Junior & Pretty, Emphasis nor the Pretty Busy Boys would remain on the scene for long, but their paradigm-shifting example would influence the development of a sui generis “Naija” hip-hop style for the rest of the decade. The nineteen nineties were marked by the emergence of acts such as Ruff, Rugged & Raw, The Remedies, The Trybesmen (hailed as “the Run-DMC of Africa”), androgynous female rapper Weird MC, and Plantashun Boiz (featuring vocalist 2Face Idibia, who would go on to become the genre’s biggest star). Ultimately, though, hip-hop remained a niche taste, not a pop genre with a broad-based appeal for Nigerians of all stripes.But by the early 2000s, most of the mainstream popular styles such as highlife, juju and reggae were in decline. Nigerians had taken to importing dance music from other points in Africa, such as the electrifying soukous of Congolese singer Awilo Longomba. There was also South African kwaito, which Nigerians were exposed to via the newly-available cable music network Channel O. The channel also featured Nigerian music clips, favouring mostly hip-hop acts whose tendency towards visual flamboyance—flashy fashions, inventive dances and a unique sense of swagger—made them natural video stars. Channel O and the other video channels that followed it did much to elevate hip-hop’s profile in Nigeria, and for a country desperately in need of an indigenous sound to call its own, hip-hop stepped up to fill the void of for consensus pop genre.

Since then, there has been no stopping Naija hip-hop as its influence snakes across Africa and beyond. It sells millions of CDs and DVDs, and its artists command astronomical fees to endorse major brands, both domestic and international. The Nigerian hip-hop duo P-Square incites Beatlemania-style mass hysteria whether appearing in Lagos or Nairobi or Paris. 2Face’s “African Queen” is a generational anthem among teens in the faraway Philippines. D’banj collaborates with international superstar Kanye West. American R&B bad boy Chris Brown flaunts Naija dance moves he admits to cribbing from Wizkid. Naija hip-hop rivals the Nigerian movie industry Nollywood as the country’s most recognizable and effective cultural export.

But through all this, Naija hip-hop remains a lightning rod for furious criticism—particularly from commentators who came of age before the last millennium and view hip-hop as representing all that is creatively, morally and spiritually bankrupt about today’s Nigerian youth. No lesser pundit than Benson Idonije—the legendary dean of Nigerian music criticism—regularly attacks hip-hop with the intensity of a Zealot, decrying it as a show of cultural dereliction; a terminally shallow generation mindlessly aping a musically insignificant foreign fad. “Just now hip-hop is the contemporary thing—you find Nigerians imitating the American style,” Idonije grumbles. “We don’t have [an identity] in Nigeria because young Nigerians are looking up to America for their future.”

Such declarations from the critics belie an unfortunate tone-deafness on their part, however: even the most perfunctory analysis of Nigerian hip-hop against its eponymous US counterpart attests that apart from their shared digital production aesthetic, they sound almost nothing alike. The fundamental rhythm at the root of Naija hip-hop is not funk but the timeless, lopsided clave of good old West African highlife. (The hip-hop scene in Ghana—where the music has developed in parallel—more directly underscores this lineage by labeling its music “hip-life.”)

So perhaps, Nigerian hip-hop’s greatest liability is its name, which perpetuates the perception that it is nothing more than a pale copy of American rap records. Attempts have been made to remedy this state of affairs, though. In the UK, where a vibrant club scene thrives around the sound, it is called afrobeats (the ‘s’ at the end doing little to ward off confusion with a different genre altogether), while back home some have taken to referring to it as Gbedu, or Naija beatz, or just Naija. But whatever you call it, there’s no denying that it’s a sound that has grabbed the soul of Nigerians, made them view their nationality as a source of pride and coolness… and gingered their swagger.

Afro Cuban Bembe Music

By admin on Nov 20, 2015 in Africa , Cuba - 0 Comments

Afro Cuban music has been around for many years. It incorporates many styles that all mold together to create one form of music. One popular form of this is the 6/8 Afro Cuban Bembe. Any style of music played in 6/8 time signatures takes on the characteristics of the Bembe. The style originates from the word Bembes, which are religious gatherings which involve singing, drumming, and dancing. In fact, this is more of an African beat then anything else. This was originally played with bongos, shakers, bells, and other rhythmic instruments; however, it can be played on the drum set as well.

Let’s take a look at what can be done on the drum set to get that Bembe feel. First off, you need to know that you can incorporate many different Latin styles into the 6/8 Afro Cuban beats. For example, the 6/8 clave is a great pattern to add on the cowbell or the rim shot. But before we get into that too soon, let’s start with the basic bell pattern. This pattern is very close to the Cascara pattern, so try not to get the two mixed up. When playing this, remember to count out loud, or you will mess up for sure! This is in an uncommon time signature, so it may take a few times to get. Remember these are all quarter notes that can be played on the bell of your ride cymbal. Try this:

Now let’s add the 6/8 clave on the rim shot. This will give you a tight Latin feel. This is actually not too hard to do because the bell pattern lines up nicely with the clave. Try this:

Once you have that going fairly smoothly, its time to spice things up a bit by playing a basic Afro Cuban 6/8 groove. This will incorporate the bass drum as well as the snare. *Remember you can always change the voices on the drum set*

  

There is much more to the 6/8 Bembe, but these are the basic beats that you must first overcome. Take your time when doing this as it will not come easy. The best way to learn is to surround yourself with this style of music. So try and find a few great Afro Cuban albums and listen to the drums.

African Music Beats Concepts

By admin on Nov 20, 2015 in Africa , Brazilian , Cuba , Ghana , Music Beats Makers , Nigeria - 0 Comments

The study of African musical systems holds an incredible wealth for the modern percussion educator and band director. In the average grade school band room, the band director often has to work with other sections of the band while the percussionists sit idle. When the percussion section is then asked to rejoin the ensemble they frequently have difficulty staying in time, keeping their place in parts that are very repetitious, or holding on to a groove where the bass drum, snare drum, and cymbals have non-unison parts. Specifically there are four African musical concepts that will help to foster and develop solid foundations of time, feel, groove and ensemble playing while improving listening and memory skills. These concepts are rote learning, repetition, hocketing and call and response.

Rote learning is the most commonly used teaching method in the non-Western world. It is an oral and aurally based system of learning that helps to develop a student’s critical listening and memory skills. Rote learning, in its truest form, exists without written notation. Each part is taught to the student by an elder musician who was taught by a master musician years before. Initially, the student listens as the teacher sings a part in onomatopoeic syllables and then responds by singing it back. For example, the jazz ride cymbal rhythm could be taught as “spang spang-a-lang spang-a-lang” or “door shut-the-door shut-the-door.” Eventually, he or she must listen as the teacher plays a part on the drum while watching the teacher’s hands in order to learn not only the rhythm but also the sticking and overall technique. The concept of rote learning is easily applied to the following three concepts as well as any other music in which the overall feel or groove cannot be displayed on the written page.

Hocketing is the process of combining simple interlocking parts in order to create a complex whole. The players of a hand bell choir and the bass drummers of a modern marching bass line create melodies through the process of hocketing. Each part played individually has no identifiable rhythmic or melodic meaning, but when put together in an ensemble the group can create melodies and complex grooves. The Oom-pah beat with the bass drum on beats one and three and the snare drum on beats two and four is a simple form of hocketing. Here are some examples (these should be taught using the rote method):


A great exercise for utilizing this concept is to have the students go clockwise in a circle, each clapping the next beat (in time).

At the heart of most African musical systems is the concept of repetition with only subtle variation. Upon first listening to a West African drumming ensemble or an Afro-Cuban rumba group, one is often struck with either the notion that the same parts are being played over and over again with no apparent change or that the entire groove is in a constant state of alteration and transition. After some critical listening, however, one notes that even as the groove is unfailing there are minute and subtle changes happening in nearly every part of the ensemble. These subtle changes have a profound effect on the overall feel or groove. A handful of simple rhythms, each with one simple variation, played for extended periods of time will help students begin to understand how a groove works. For example, using the rote method and noting the inherent hocketing of the patterns, one could teach students the following simple rhythms and corresponding variations. The teacher must stress that the main rhythms are the most important to the overall groove and the variations are merely additions.


For more advanced groups one could experiment with these rhythms and variations, taken from an Ewe style of drumming called “Gahu,” again noting the hocketing and utilizing the rote method to convey them to the students:


Arguably the most important of the African musical concepts is that of call and response. The most basic form of call and response is mimicry and is directly related to rote learning. The students respond to phrases of a determined length by mimicking the teacher’s call. By starting with one or two beat phrases and gradually working up to two and four bar mimicry, students will be working on critical listening skills while expanding short term memories.

A more complex form of call and response is the static response, wherein the students reply to the teacher’s ever changing call with one set response. The challenge here lies in the potential complexity of the teachers’ calls. If the teacher begins playing calls that banish the downbeat or are highly syncopated, the students must rely on their burgeoning internal clocks to insure timely entrances.


The most complex form of call and response utilizes a vocabulary of calls, each with its own set response. The student must play the appropriate response to each and every call.


The teacher can keep it exciting and challenging by increasing the overall vocabulary, increasing the length of the calls and responses, and by randomly choosing the order of calls. Brazilian Samba recordings are a great place to hear amazing examples of all three of the call and response varieties.

These African musical concepts have direct application for entire band programs as well as percussion sections. After all, each of these concepts has found its way into popular music. The music of Count Basie and James Brown are perfect examples of rote leaning, subtle variation, hocketing and call and response.

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